Cadmium cd is an environmental contaminant that damages the kidney, the liver, and bones. Cadmium element information, properties and uses periodic table. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Cadmium mineral data, information about cadmium, its properties and worldwide locations. Occupational health history interview with reference to cadmium exposure. Pdf cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke. Most cadmium used in the united states is extracted during the. In the environment, cadmium is toxic to plants, animals and microorganisms. For a wider selection of images connected with cadmium, see category. Pdf background cadmium cd is a nonessential, naturally occurring. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
Have you ever been advised to change jobs or work assignments because of any health problems or injuries. Cadmium is used industrially to plate other metals, in pigments, batteries, stabilizers for plastics, metallurgy, nuclear reactor rods, and semiconductors. Its name is derived from the latin word cadmia and the greek word kadmeia that are ancient names for. As cadmium is relatively hard to oxidize, it is often used as a coating agent. Since that time, new data have become available, these have been incorporated in the monograph, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. These cells are characterized by low cost, high energy and power densities, high cycle life, a wide operating temperature range, low selfdischarge characteristics, and wellestablished mechanical and electrical durability. Eating large quantities of certain organ meats, such as liver and kidney, may expose people to cadmium. Cadmium and several cadmium containing compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer.
After adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, a 50% increase in blood cadmium corresponded to a 35% increased odds of prevalent stroke or. Pdf cadmium exposure in association with history of. A brief history of cadmium management in new zealand agriculture. Cadmium is a naturally occurring toxic metal with common exposure in industrial workplaces, plant soils, and from smoking. Danger contains cadmium cancer hazard avoid creating dust can cause lung and kidney disease installed cadmium products must have a visible label or other indication that cadmium is present, where feasible. Cadmium is found in some foods and is emitted by using fossil fuels such as coal and oil, smoking cigarettes, and burning waste. Cadmium and cadmium compounds animals that eat cadmium contaminated crops can accumulate cadmium in their liver and kidneys. Stromeyer discovered metallic cadmium in 1817 but production of the cadmium pigments was delayed until about 1820 because of the scarcity of the metal.
Cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke and heart failure. Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology sciencedirect. Tarakina and bart verberck explore the colourful history and assets of element 48. Cadmium an overview this is a wikipedia book, a collection of wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, imported by an external electronic rendering service, and ordered as a printed book.
The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. Females and males did not differ in sensitivity of life history traits to cadmium exposure. About,000 tons of cadmium is produced yearly worldwide, mainly for nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, chemical stabilizers, metal coatings and. Cadmium simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Chronic cadmium exposure produces a wide variety of acute and. Cadmium is a silverwhite metal that is found in the earths crust. Toxicological profile for cadmium agency for toxic substances.
It is concluded that 1 cadmium exerts a strong adverse impact on the growth and development of gypsy moths, and 2 the significance of the cadmium effects depends on the dose. Most of the cadmium produced worldwide has been used in the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries themselves being replaced by other rechargeable nickelchemistry cell varieties like nimh cells but about half the remaining consumption of cadmium, which is about 2,000 tonnes. Webelements periodic table cadmium historical information. Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that have cadmium as one of the chemical components. Cadmium was first discovered by stromeyer as an impurity in zinc carbonate. Some epidemiological studies showed associations between cd exposure and periodontal disease. Cadmium is the 48th element and a member of group 12 in the periodic table of elements. Because of this, most cadmium comes from zinc processing. The mechanism of cadmium toxicity has not been established. In its pure form, cadmium is a whitesilver colored metal with a mass of 112. Chapter 11 the history of the prevention of fouling. Another compound of some economic value is cadmium sulfide, cds.
It is still used today to protect critical components of aeroplanes and oil platforms. Information about where and how cadmium is used, stored, and released at the worksite, including processes or operations that involve potential cadmium exposure, especially above the pel. Cadmium cd is a soft, ductile, silverwhite metal that belongs together with zinc and. This volume describes the history, characteristics, and scientific analysis of 10 pigments that have played a major role in the history of painting. Occupational exposure inventory please select the appropriate answer. Due to its low permissible exposure in humans, overexposure may occur even in situations where trace quantities of cadmium are found.
The nickel cadmium battery is based on the reversible electrochemical reactions of nickel and cadmium in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, although the nature of the operation does not generally lead to overexposure. Apr 09, 2020 cadmium cd, chemical element, a metal of group 12 iib, or zinc group of the periodic table. Overview of cadmium toxicity in fish article pdf available in journal of applied sciences research 77. Cadmium was discovered by friedrich stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in some samples pf zinc carbonate, znco 3. Cadmium is element 48, meaning that each cadmium atom contains 48 protons in its nucleus.
One possible reason for its toxicity is that it interferes with the action of zinccontaining enzymes. Cadmium, a soft, malleable, ductile, bluishwhite metal, was discovered in germany in 1817, and germany remained the only important producer for 100 years. In textiles and apparels, cadmium is usually used in plastics, dyes usually red, orange, yellow and green and metal accessories. Cadmium was often used to electroplate steel and protect it from corrosion. The effects of cadmium on the life history traits of lymantria dispar l. Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol cd and atomic number 48.
It is a brown powder produced by burning cadmium vapor in air, and it provides a convenient starting material for the production of most other cadmium salts. Introduction the goal of case studies in environmental medicine csem is to increase the primary care providers knowledge of hazardous exposures and to help in evaluation and treating of potentially exposed patients. Have you ever been off work for more than 1 day because of an illness related to work. At their interviews, 492 persons reported a history of stroke, and 471 a history of hf. The history of the prevention of fouling the effects of fouling have only recently been subject to systematic scientific inquiry. Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. Stromeyer discovered metallic cadmium in 1817 but production of the cadmium pigments was delayed until about 1840 because of the scarcity of the metal. Cadmium cd has been in industrial use for a long period of time. Element cadmium cd, group 12, atomic number 48, dblock, mass 112. Its serious toxicity moved into scientific focus during the middle of the last century. They have been chosen as highlights of a particular topic, but do not represent the full range of images that are available on commons. Aquatic life ambient water quality criteria cadmium 2016.
Cadmium is a natural element found in the earths crust, and has been used to make batteries and other products. Sep 01, 2007 cadmium and several cadmium containing compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer. Cadmium absorbs neutrons and so is used in rods in nuclear. Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable environmental and occupational concern. Most cadmium used in the united states is extracted during the production of other metals such as zinc, lead, and copper. Then cadmium sulfide was used as a pigment in paint. It is widely distributed in the earths crust at an average concentration of about 0. Cadmium and cadmium compounds were considered by previous iarc working groups in 1972, 1975, 1987, and 1993 iarc, 1973, 1976, 1987, 1993a. It is used in batteries, craft glazes, and metal coatings. Cadmium is also a wellknown stabilizer for the manufacturing of polymers like pvc. Cadmium as a metal is very rare but is found in one place in russia preparation.
Cadmium cd, chemical element, a metal of group 12 iib, or zinc group of the periodic table. Currently, a large percentage of global cadmium metal production takes place in asia. A natural mineral, greenochite, is known in nature but was not used for pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, volume 1. This guideline value was brought forward to the third edition of the guidelines, published in 2004, and was retained in the fourth edition of the guidelines. The restrictions on the use of cadmium have caused the world market price of cadmium to fall steeply since 1990 see table 3.
Availability two versions of the taking an exposure history csem are available. Request pdf cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke and heart failure it is unclear whether environmental cadmium exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease, although. Cadmium is taken from the zinc metal by heating the. Being a simple chemical element, cadmium is persistent it cannot be broken down into less toxic substances in the environment. Cadmium is a component of some compound semiconductors, such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride, used for light detection and solar cells. Cd cadmium introduction cadmium is a second row transition metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table, along with zn and hg. Some people are trying to stop using nickel cadmium batteries because cadmium is toxic. It is generally characterized as a soft, ductile, silverwhite or bluishwhite metal, and is listed as 64 th in relative abundance amongst the naturally occurring elements. Toxic effects on the kidney are doserelated mueller et al. Directions to be read by employee and signed prior to the interview please answer the questions you will be asked as completely and carefully as you can. Now, cadmium is mainly used in nickel cadmium batteries.
It is extracted during the production of metals such as copper, lead, and zinc. Other past uses of cadmium included phosphors in cathode ray tube colour tv sets, and yellow, orange and red pigments. Most of the cadmium produced worldwide has been used in the production of rechargeable nickelcadmium batteries themselves being replaced by other rechargeable nickelchemistry cell varieties like nimh cells but about half the remaining consumption of cadmium, which is about 2,000 tonnes. It was first discovered in germany in 1817 as a byproduct of the zinc refining process. Cadmium sulfide cds, another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Osha says that everyone who works with cadmium can have periodic medical examinations performed by a doctor.
Cadmium definition is a toxic bluishwhite malleable ductile divalent metallic element used especially in batteries, pigments, and protective platings. Cadmium cancercausing substances national cancer institute. He noted that these particular samples changed colour on heating, which pure zinc carbonate does not. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Cadmium elemental symbol cd and cas registry number 7440439 is a member, along with zinc and mercury, of group 12 cas iib of the periodic table of the elements. Origin of the name, the name is derived from the latin cadmia, the name for. The most common method of applying cadmium coating is by electroplating. Cadmium sulfide cds, another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is. Cadmium volatilizes more rapidly than other metals when the ore is being smelted, and it condenses to form fine airborne particles that react immediately with oxygen to form cadmium oxide fumes. For example, a 2010 associated press investigation detected high amounts of cadmium in jewelry imported from china. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts acetate, sulfate, chloride were. Cds is a yellow solid hence the suggestion of melinum and has long been a fixture on painters and graphical artists colour palettes under the name.
Hgcdte is sensitive to infrared 36 light and can be used as an infrared detector, motion detector, or switch in remote control devices. This soft, silverywhite metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. There is a growing awareness of the potential for cadmium exposures from products such as jewelry and glassware. Cadmium is a naturally occurring and abundant metal. Cadmium is a natural element found in tiny amounts in air, water, soil, and food. History of cadmium policy seven states have passed ten policies regulating cadmium, and restrictions have also been passed internationally. In the 1930s and 1940s cadmium was mainly used to plate steel to prevent it from corroding. Cadmium is a minor metallic element, one of the naturally occurring components in the earths crust and waters, and present everywhere in our environment. Hydrated cadmium sulfate 3cdso 4 5h 2 o, one of cadmiums compounds, is used in a device called a weston cell, a type of battery that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and laboratory equipment. Cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke and. Cadmium can accumulate in liver, kidneys and bones, which may serve as sources of exposure later in life.
Pigments through the ages history cadmium yellowred. Cadmium element information, properties and uses periodic. Cadmium can resist a humid atmosphere better than zinc, but it has a far less protecting power than zinc. Cadmium sulfide was prepared with an acid solution of cadmium salt either chloride. All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium.
Greenockite, a cadmium sulfide mineral is the only main ore and it is found with sphalerite, a zinc sulfide. Although written records of the treatment of ship bottoms as early as the 5th century b. Cadmium plating is done in cyanide baths containing a mixture of cadmium oxide and sodium cyanide to produce na 2 cdcn 4. Its seriousness, however, has been recognized from very ancient times. Pdf the effects of cadmium on the life history traits of. Explanation of engineering controls and work practices for the. Cadmium nephropathy is an important determinant of mortality in cadmium workers. A natural mineral, green ochite, is known in nature but was not used for pigments. It can be considered a transition metal or a posttransition metal. The earliest observations of toxic effects from cadmium exposure are from clinical medicine. Ways you can be exposed to cadmium and cadmium compounds. Atsdr case studies in environmental medicine taking an. The highest level of cadmium compounds in the environment is accumulated in sedimentary rocks, and marine phosphates contain about 15 mg cadmium kg 88.
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